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Science & Nature • Materials

Asphalt

Asphalt is a dark, bituminous material made from petroleum residues or natural deposits, and it is widely used as a binder in road-surfacing materials.

By Ethan Anderson| Reviewed by Olivia Bennett, Standards & Fact-Checking Lead| Updated July 26, 2026|2 min read| Fact-checked

Asphalt is a dark, bituminous material derived from petroleum residues or natural deposits. It is widely used as a binder in road-surfacing materials and in composite paving materials such as asphalt concrete. In Canadian infrastructure, asphalt is a common industrial material for road construction, roofing, and waterproofing.

Composition and properties

Asphalt is a black or brown petroleum-like substance that ranges from viscous liquid to semi-solid or solid. It consists mainly of hydrocarbons and can soften when heated.

Production and occurrence

Asphalt is found in natural deposits and is also produced as a residue from petroleum refining. Natural asphalt may contain mineral matter, while refined asphalt is obtained from processed crude oil.

Uses

The main application of asphalt is road surfacing, usually in combination with mineral aggregates such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone to form asphalt concrete. It is also used in roofing, waterproofing, coatings, and other construction and industrial products.

Terminology

In North American usage, 'asphalt' may refer to the bituminous binder or the finished composite paving material. In other regions, related terms such as bitumen and tarmac may be used differently.

Key facts

  • Asphalt is a dark, bituminous material obtained from petroleum refining or natural deposits.
  • It is composed chiefly of hydrocarbons and may include minor amounts of other elements.
  • Its principal use is as a binder in road-surfacing materials, often combined with aggregate to make asphalt concrete.
  • Asphalt is also used for roofing, waterproofing, coatings, and other construction applications.
  • Terminology varies: in some contexts, 'asphalt' refers to the binder, while in others it refers to the finished paving material.
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Canadian context

Asphalt is widely used in Canadian road construction, paving, roofing, and waterproofing, making it a familiar industrial material in Canadian infrastructure and construction contexts.

Frequently asked questions

What is asphalt?
Asphalt is a dark, bituminous material derived from petroleum or natural deposits, commonly used as a binder in paving and construction.
What is asphalt used for?
Its main use is road surfacing. It is also used in roofing, waterproofing, coatings, and some industrial products.
Is asphalt the same as bitumen?
The terms are often used interchangeably in some regions, especially in American English, but usage varies internationally.
What is asphalt concrete?
Asphalt concrete is a composite made of asphalt binder and mineral aggregate, used for road and pavement surfaces.
Does asphalt occur naturally?
Yes. Asphalt can occur in natural deposits, and it can also be produced as a residue during petroleum refining.

References

  1. Britannica
    Supports: Definition, composition, natural occurrence, and major uses of asphalt.
  2. Merriam-Webster
    Supports: Dictionary definition and distinction between asphalt as material and paving composition.
  3. The Free Dictionary
    Supports: Definitions describing asphalt as a bituminous substance and a paving mixture.
  4. Wikipedia
    Supports: General descriptions of asphalt, asphalt concrete, and regional terminology differences.