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Brunei

Brunei, officially the State of Brunei Darussalam, is a sovereign sultanate on the northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia.

By Ethan Anderson| Reviewed by Olivia Bennett, Standards & Fact-Checking Lead| Updated July 26, 2026|2 min read| Fact-checked

Brunei, officially the State of Brunei Darussalam, is a sovereign sultanate on the northern coast of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo and is governed as an absolute monarchy under Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. The country’s official language is Malay and Sunni Islam is the state religion.

History

Brunei became a British protectorate in 1888 and achieved independence in 1984. The same royal family has ruled Brunei for more than six centuries.

Geography

Brunei occupies a small territory on the northwest coast of Borneo, with coastline on the South China Sea. Its territory is divided into two parts by Malaysia’s Sarawak state.

Government and religion

Brunei is an absolute monarchy in which the Sultan holds both executive authority and the role of head of state. Malay is the official language, and Sunni Islam is the state religion.

Economy

Brunei’s economy is heavily based on petroleum and natural gas production. This resource wealth has helped give the country one of the higher per-capita incomes in Southeast Asia.

Key facts

  • Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on the island of Borneo.
  • It is an absolute monarchy led by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.
  • Brunei gained independence from Britain in 1984.
  • Oil and natural gas are central to Brunei’s economy.
  • Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital and largest city.
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Canadian context

Brunei is a member of the Commonwealth, which also includes Canada, and it is one of the Southeast Asian states with diplomatic and economic relevance to Canadian foreign policy and trade.

Frequently asked questions

What is Brunei?
Brunei is a sovereign sultanate in Southeast Asia on the island of Borneo.
What is the capital of Brunei?
The capital and largest city is Bandar Seri Begawan.
What language is spoken in Brunei?
Malay is the official language, and English is also widely understood.
What is Brunei’s form of government?
Brunei is an absolute monarchy headed by the Sultan.
When did Brunei become independent?
Brunei became independent in 1984.
What drives Brunei’s economy?
Oil and natural gas are the main drivers of Brunei’s economy.

References

  1. Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei
    Supports: Current population estimate, geography, official language, state religion, and government type.
  2. Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/place/Brunei
    Supports: Location on Borneo, division of territory, independence in 1984, and membership in the Commonwealth and ASEAN.
  3. CIA World Factbookhttps://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2023/countries/brunei/summaries
    Supports: British protectorate status in 1888 and independence in 1984.
  4. United Nationshttps://www.un.int/brunei/brunei/country-facts
    Supports: Area, location, coastline, and borders.
  5. BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-12990058
    Supports: Capital, area, population, and language.
  6. Eye on Asiahttps://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/brunei-a-country-profile/
    Supports: Official name, capital, land area, currency, head of state, official language, and oil-and-gas-based economy.