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Science & Nature • Astrobiology

Extraterrestrial life

Extraterrestrial life, also called alien life or aliens, is life that originates outside Earth.

By Ethan Anderson| Reviewed by Olivia Bennett, Standards & Fact-Checking Lead| Updated July 26, 2026|2 min read| Fact-checked

Extraterrestrial life, also called alien life or aliens, is life that originates outside Earth. It remains hypothetical: no extraterrestrial life has yet been detected, but the subject is studied in astrobiology and related fields. Research focuses on whether life could exist elsewhere in the Solar System or around other stars.

Definition

Extraterrestrial life refers to any life that did not originate on Earth. In common usage, it is often shortened to "aliens," though the scientific term is broader and includes microbial life as well as intelligent life.

Scientific study

The search for extraterrestrial life is part of astrobiology, sometimes also called exobiology or bioastronomy. It draws on planetary science, origin-of-life research, and SETI to investigate where life might exist and how it could be detected.

Possible forms and environments

Hypothetical extraterrestrial life could range from single-celled organisms to complex ecosystems or technologically advanced civilizations. Scientists study environments that may be habitable, including Mars, icy moons, and planets around other stars.

Search methods

Researchers look for biosignatures, habitability indicators, and possible signals of intelligent origin. The field also uses knowledge of life on Earth, especially extremophiles, to understand what conditions might support life elsewhere.

Current status

Despite decades of study, no unambiguous evidence of extraterrestrial life has been found. The topic remains an active scientific question rather than an established fact.

Key facts

  • No extraterrestrial life has been confirmed to date.
  • The term includes hypothetical life ranging from microbes to intelligent beings.
  • Astrobiology is the scientific study of life beyond Earth and its origins.
  • Search efforts include direct detection and indirect methods such as studying planetary habitability and biosignatures.
  • Research also considers whether life could exist in the Solar System or on planets around other stars.
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Canadian context

Canadian readers may encounter this topic through Canadian astronomy, space science, and university research in astrobiology, planetary science, and SETI-related studies.

Frequently asked questions

Has extraterrestrial life been discovered?
No. There is currently no confirmed detection of extraterrestrial life.
What is astrobiology?
Astrobiology is the scientific study of life in the universe, including the origins of life on Earth and the search for life beyond Earth.
Does "aliens" always mean intelligent beings?
No. In science, extraterrestrial life can mean anything from microbes to intelligent civilizations.
What is SETI?
SETI is the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, a research effort focused on detecting signs of technologically advanced life.
Where might extraterrestrial life exist?
Scientists examine places such as Mars, Europa, Titan, and planets around other stars where conditions may support life.

References

  1. Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life
    Supports: Definition, broad scope, lack of confirmed detection, and relation to astrobiology
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/science/extraterrestrial-life
    Supports: Definition of extraterrestrial life and the scientific questions driving the search
  3. NASA Astrobiologyhttps://astrobiology.nasa.gov/about/
    Supports: Astrobiology as the field studying life beyond Earth and the status of no clear signs detected
  4. European Space Agencyhttps://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Exploration/Extraterrestrial_life
    Supports: Search context, habitability, and the role of exobiology/astrobiology