India–Pakistan relations

India–Pakistan relations refer to the bilateral relationship between India and Pakistan since both states emerged from the partition of British India in 1947.

India–Pakistan relations refer to the bilateral relationship between India and Pakistan since both states emerged from the partition of British India in 1947. The relationship has been shaped by the Kashmir dispute, wars, cross-border militancy, nuclear deterrence, and periodic diplomatic engagement. In recent years, relations have remained highly strained, with major crises in 2025 and continuing restrictions on trade, visas, and formal contacts.

Historical background

Relations began in 1947 after partition, which created India and Pakistan from British India. The early relationship was shaped by population displacement, disputes over princely states, and the first Kashmir war.

Core disputes

The Kashmir dispute has remained the most persistent issue between the two states. Water-sharing, border incidents, and allegations of cross-border militancy have also repeatedly driven tensions.

Wars and crises

India and Pakistan have fought several wars and experienced multiple military stand-offs since 1947. The rivalry has included limited clashes, large-scale wars, and, more recently, escalations involving missile or air strikes.

Diplomacy and cooperation

Despite recurring conflict, the countries have periodically pursued dialogue, ceasefires, and confidence-building measures. Agreements and summit diplomacy have sometimes reduced tensions, but progress has usually been fragile.

Current situation

Relations remain highly strained, with limited formal diplomacy and restrictions affecting trade, visas, and cross-border contact. Recent crises have reinforced the pattern of instability and mutual distrust.