Pharaoh ant

The pharaoh ant (*Monomorium pharaonis*) is a very small indoor ant species known as a common nuisance pest in buildings, especially hospitals, apartments, food-handling facilities, and other warm structures.

The pharaoh ant (*Monomorium pharaonis*) is a very small indoor ant species known as a common nuisance pest in buildings, especially hospitals, apartments, food-handling facilities, and other warm structures. It is widely distributed around the world through human commerce and is recognized for its ability to form large colonies in hidden indoor spaces.

Identification

Pharaoh ants are among the smallest household ants, usually about 1 to 2 mm long. They are typically pale yellow to light brown, sometimes with darker abdominal markings, and workers are similar in size.

Distribution and origin

The species is believed to have originated in the Afro-tropical region or tropical Africa and is now cosmopolitan. It has spread widely with human commerce and is established in many regions worldwide.

Habitat and behaviour

Pharaoh ants prefer warm, humid indoor environments and often nest in hidden locations such as wall voids, baseboards, and around plumbing or heating systems. Colonies can spread through buildings and may form multiple nesting sites.

Diet and pest importance

They feed on sweets, fats, proteins, greasy foods, and dead insects. They are a major nuisance pest in hospitals and food-related facilities because they can contaminate food and sterile areas.

Control

Effective management usually involves identifying trails and nesting areas, using attractive baits, and improving sanitation and exclusion. Broad insecticide treatments are often less effective because colonies can fragment and relocate.