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July 26, 2026Sources cited
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Russia

Russia, officially the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning eastern Europe and northern Asia.

By Ethan Anderson| Reviewed by Olivia Bennett, Standards & Fact-Checking Lead| Updated July 26, 2026|2 min read| Fact-checked

Russia, officially the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning eastern Europe and northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world by land area and became an independent state after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.

Geography

Russia covers a vast territory across Europe and Asia, with landscapes ranging from forests and steppes to tundra and deserts. It spans multiple time zones and has borders with 14 countries.

History

The modern Russian Federation emerged in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Earlier state formation and expansion are tied to the Principality of Muscovy, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet period.

Government and politics

Russia is a federation with a president as head of state and Moscow as the centre of national government. Contemporary descriptions identify it as a semi-presidential republic.

Population and language

Russia has a population of roughly 144 million and Russian is the official language. It is the most populous country in Europe.

Key facts

  • Russia is the world’s largest country by area, spanning 17,075,200 square kilometres.
  • It became independent in December 1991 after the Soviet Union dissolved.
  • Moscow is the capital and largest city.
  • Russia borders 14 countries and has coastlines on the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific oceans.
  • The country is a federation with a president as head of state.
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Canadian context

Russia is relevant to Canadian readers because it is the world’s largest country and a major Arctic state with geopolitical, economic, and security significance in the northern hemisphere; Britannica also notes Russia is nearly twice the territory of Canada.[1]

Frequently asked questions

What is Russia’s official name?
Russia’s official name is the Russian Federation.
What is the capital of Russia?
The capital of Russia is Moscow.
When did Russia become independent?
Russia became independent in December 1991 after the Soviet Union dissolved.
How large is Russia?
Russia covers about 17,075,200 square kilometres and is the world’s largest country by area.
What language is official in Russia?
The official language is Russian.

References

  1. Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/place/Russia
    Supports: Largest country by area; spans Europe and Asia; independence after USSR dissolution in December 1991.
  2. National Geographic Kidshttps://www.natgeokids.com/uk/discover/geography/countries/russia-facts/
    Supports: Official name, capital, government form, official language, area, population, time zones.
  3. CIA World Factbook (archive)https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2022/countries/russia/summaries
    Supports: Historical formation, Soviet period, dissolution of the USSR into Russia and other states.
  4. BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17839672
    Supports: Country profile facts including capital, area, population, and languages.
  5. Michigan State University GlobalEDGEhttps://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/russia
    Supports: Geography, neighboring countries, government system, economic transition, regional memberships.