Saul

Saul was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament, the first king of the united monarchy of ancient Israel.

Saul was, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament, the first king of the united monarchy of ancient Israel. He is presented as a Benjaminite son of Kish who was anointed by the prophet Samuel and later died in battle against the Philistines at Mount Gilboa. Scholarly reference works generally place his reign in the 11th century BCE, though the precise chronology is debated.

Biblical account

The Books of Samuel portray Saul as Israel's first monarch, chosen after public pressure for a king and anointed by Samuel. The narrative emphasises his early military successes and later conflict with David and Samuel.

Historical setting

Reference works place Saul in the late 11th century BCE, during a period when Israel was shifting from a loose tribal confederation toward centralized rule. His kingship is commonly linked to resistance against Philistine pressure.

Death and succession

Saul dies at Mount Gilboa in battle with the Philistines, and the biblical text says he fell on his sword to avoid capture. After his death, his son Ish-bosheth briefly succeeded him.

Interpretation and legacy

Saul's story is often read as a tragic account of early monarchy, combining military leadership, divine favour, disobedience, and decline. He remains a central figure in Jewish, Christian, and broader biblical studies.