Sea snake

Sea snakes are a group of highly venomous marine snakes in the cobra family (Elapidae) that live mainly in warm tropical waters.

Sea snakes are a group of highly venomous marine snakes in the cobra family (Elapidae) that live mainly in warm tropical waters. They are found chiefly in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean, and are divided into true sea snakes and sea kraits. Most species spend much or all of their lives in water, and many give birth to live young.

Classification

Sea snakes are elapid snakes, the same broader family that includes cobras, king cobras, and many other venomous snakes. Modern references distinguish true sea snakes from sea kraits, which evolved separately from different land-dwelling ancestors.

Habitat and range

Sea snakes are concentrated in warm coastal and reef-associated waters of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean. Some species use mangroves, estuaries, reefs, and open ocean habitats, but they are generally absent from colder seas.

Adaptations and biology

Sea snakes are adapted for swimming, with flattened tails and other body features that reduce drag in water. Many species can remain underwater for long periods, and true sea snakes are fully marine for most or all of their lives.

Venom and diet

Sea snakes are highly venomous and use their venom to subdue prey. They mainly eat fish and other small aquatic animals, and the venom can be dangerous to humans even though incidents are uncommon.

Reproduction

Reproductive strategy differs between groups. Many true sea snakes give birth to live young at sea, while sea kraits leave the water to lay eggs on land.