Sperm Whale

The sperm whale (*Physeter macrocephalus*) is the largest toothed whale and the largest toothed predator on Earth.

The sperm whale (*Physeter macrocephalus*) is the largest toothed whale and the largest toothed predator on Earth. It is a deep-diving marine mammal found in oceans worldwide, known for its large square head, spermaceti organ, and diet of squid and other deep-sea prey. The species is listed as **Vulnerable** globally by the IUCN, while some national authorities list it as endangered.

Description

The sperm whale is a large odontocete with a block-shaped head and one blowhole. Males are substantially larger than females, showing strong sexual dimorphism. Adult males typically measure about 16–20 metres in length and weigh roughly 40–50 tonnes, while females are about 11–13 metres and 14–18 tonnes. The species is recognized as the largest toothed whale and among the largest predators in the ocean.

Behaviour and diving

Sperm whales are among the deepest-diving mammals, using long breath-holds to hunt prey in the deep ocean. Published sources report dives to around 2,250 metres, and some reports describe dives to about 3,000 metres below the surface. Their deep-diving ability is a key adaptation for feeding on squid and other deep-sea animals.

Diet and feeding

The species feeds mainly on squid, including large deep-sea squid such as giant squid, and also consumes octopus, fish, and sometimes sharks. Their diet is dominated by squid, and they are known to hunt in deep waters where these prey are abundant.

Conservation status

Commercial whaling greatly reduced sperm whale numbers, and the population is still recovering. Global conservation assessments list the species as Vulnerable by the IUCN, though U.S. authorities list it as endangered. Population estimates vary widely, and the species remains a protected, recovering species in North American waters.