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Business & Money • Startup

Theranos

Theranos Inc.

By Ethan Anderson| Reviewed by Olivia Bennett, Standards & Fact-Checking Lead| Updated July 27, 2026|2 min read| Fact-checked

Theranos Inc. was an American health technology company founded in 2003 by Elizabeth Holmes. It became widely known for claims that it could run many medical tests from a few drops of blood, but those claims were later found to be false or misleading, and the company shut down in 2018.

History

Theranos was founded in 2003 by Elizabeth Holmes, then a Stanford University dropout. The company rose quickly as a highly valued startup in the medical diagnostics sector, driven by promises of faster, cheaper blood testing using very small blood samples.

Technology claims

The company promoted a device system that it said could run a wide range of tests from a fingerprick or a few drops of blood. Later reporting and regulatory scrutiny found those claims were unsupported and that many tests were not performed as advertised.

Theranos shut down in 2018 after years of scrutiny from journalists, regulators, and investigators. Holmes and former president Ramesh "Sunny" Balwani were later convicted in federal fraud cases connected to the company’s false claims.

Public legacy

Theranos became a widely cited example of startup hype, weak oversight, and the risks of unverified health-technology claims. It is frequently discussed in business, medical, and regulatory contexts as a major case of corporate fraud.

Key facts

  • Theranos was founded in 2003 by Elizabeth Holmes and claimed to revolutionize blood testing with tiny samples.
  • The company raised over US$700 million and reached a peak valuation of about US$9 billion.
  • Investigations found its technology and claims were inaccurate or misleading.
  • Theranos ceased operations in 2018 and was dissolved and liquidated.
  • Holmes and Balwani were convicted of fraud-related charges.
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Canadian context

Theranos is relevant to Canadian readers as a major international case involving startup hype, medical technology regulation, investor due diligence, and corporate fraud. It is often used in business and health-policy discussions in Canada.

Frequently asked questions

What was Theranos?
Theranos was a privately held American health technology company that claimed to revolutionize blood testing using tiny blood samples.
Who founded Theranos?
Elizabeth Holmes founded Theranos in 2003.
What did Theranos claim to do?
It claimed to perform many medical tests from just a few drops of blood, using proprietary devices such as the Edison system.
Why did Theranos become controversial?
Its technology claims were later found to be false or misleading, and the company faced regulatory action and fraud allegations.
When did Theranos shut down?
Theranos ceased operations in 2018.
What happened to Elizabeth Holmes?
Holmes was convicted in 2022 on federal fraud-related charges connected to Theranos.

References

  1. Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theranos
    Supports: Founding date, founder, headquarters, peak valuation, defunct status, and dissolution details.
  2. Encyclopaedia Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/topic/Theranos-Inc
    Supports: Company description, founding by Elizabeth Holmes, and false claims about diagnostic technology.
  3. EBSCO Research Startershttps://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/technology/theranos
    Supports: Business history, funding, peak valuation, legal challenges, and shutdown.
  4. Reutershttps://www.reuters.com/world/us/rise-fall-theranos-founder-elizabeth-holmes-2022-01-04/
    Supports: Holmes conviction and details of the fraud case.
  5. Business Insiderhttps://www.businessinsider.com/the-history-of-silicon-valley-unicorn-theranos-and-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-2018-5
    Supports: Holmes stepping down, fraud charges, and company shutdown timing.
  6. Harvard Business Schoolhttps://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=55762
    Supports: Startup history, investor funding, Walgreens/Safeway contracts, and claims about proprietary testing technology.