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Politics & World • Flags

Union Jack

The Union Jack is the national flag of the United Kingdom, and the term “Union Flag” is also commonly used.

By Ethan Anderson| Reviewed by Olivia Bennett, Standards & Fact-Checking Lead| Updated July 26, 2026|2 min read| Fact-checked

The Union Jack is the national flag of the United Kingdom, and the term “Union Flag” is also commonly used. Its present design dates to 1801, when the cross of St. Patrick was added to the earlier flag of Great Britain after the union with Ireland. The flag combines symbols associated with England, Scotland, and Ireland, and it remains one of the most recognizable national flags in the world.

History

The flag’s earliest form was created in 1606 after the union of the crowns of England and Scotland. The modern design dates from 1801, following the political union with Ireland.

Design and symbolism

The Union Jack is made from layered crosses representing the patron saints of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Its visual structure reflects the political unions that formed the United Kingdom.

Name and usage

“Union Jack” and “Union Flag” are both used for the same flag, though historical usage distinguished between land and naval contexts. Modern official and reference sources commonly treat both names as acceptable.

The flag is treated as the national flag of the United Kingdom through custom and official practice rather than by a single codified constitutional definition. Some official and quasi-official sources describe it as the national flag, while others emphasize its status through convention.

Key facts

  • The Union Jack is the national flag of the United Kingdom, also called the Union Flag.
  • Its current design was adopted in 1801 after the union with Ireland.
  • The flag combines the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick.
  • It remained unchanged after the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom in 1922.
  • The Union Jack appears on several other flags, especially in former British territories.
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Canadian context

The Union Jack has historical relevance in Canada because it was used in the colonial period and remains part of some Canadian heraldic and ceremonial contexts, but it is not Canada’s national flag.

Frequently asked questions

What is the Union Jack?
It is the national flag of the United Kingdom, also called the Union Flag.
What does the Union Jack represent?
It combines symbols associated with England, Scotland, and Ireland through the crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick.
When was the current Union Jack adopted?
The current design was established in 1801.
Why is it called the Union Jack?
The name is tied to the union of kingdoms, and “jack” is often linked to naval usage, though historical usage varied.
Is “Union Jack” the only correct name?
No. Major references note that both “Union Jack” and “Union Flag” are used.
Did the flag change after 1922?
No. It remained unchanged after the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom in 1922.

References

  1. Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack
    Supports: Origins in 1606, current design from 1801, unchanged after 1922, and description of the flag’s composition.
  2. The Royal Familyhttps://www.royal.uk/union-jack
    Supports: Describes the Union Jack as the national flag of the United Kingdom and explains its composite symbolism.
  3. BBC Newshttps://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20966371
    Supports: Notes the flag’s national status through custom and practice rather than a single legal definition.
  4. The Flag Institutehttps://www.flaginstitute.org/wp/uk-flags/the-union-jack-or-the-union-flag/
    Supports: Explains the naming issue and official acceptance of both “Union Jack” and “Union Flag”.
  5. Encyclopaedia Britannicahttps://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-the-United-Kingdom
    Supports: Describes the flag’s importance, use, and international recognition.
  6. HistoryExtrahttps://www.historyextra.com/period/stuart/when-union-jack-flag-created/
    Supports: Provides historical context for the 1606 creation of the first Union flag.