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Science & Nature • Botany

Elderberry

Elderberry refers to the berry-like fruit of plants in the genus Sambucus, especially European elder and other common elder species.

By Ethan Anderson| Reviewed by Olivia Bennett, Standards & Fact-Checking Lead| Updated July 26, 2026|2 min read| Fact-checked

Elderberry refers to the berry-like fruit of plants in the genus Sambucus, especially European elder and other common elder species. The fruit and flowers are used in food products, teas, syrups, and traditional herbal preparations, but raw or unripe parts of the plant can be toxic. Elderberry is most commonly discussed for its potential use in easing cold and flu symptoms, although evidence remains limited.

Description

Elderberries are the small dark-purple fruits produced by elder trees and shrubs in the Sambucus genus. The name usually refers to the fruit of European elder, although related species are also used.

Uses

Elderberries are used to make syrups, jams, wines, teas, and dietary supplements. In traditional and modern herbal use, they are often taken for immune support and cold or flu symptoms.

Safety

Raw or unripe elderberries, and several other parts of the plant, contain toxic compounds. Proper cooking reduces risk, but excessive intake or use of raw plant material can cause gastrointestinal and other symptoms.

Habitat and distribution

Elder plants are native to Europe and grow in temperate regions. They are now naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America.

Key facts

  • Elderberry is the fruit of plants in the Sambucus genus, especially Sambucus nigra.
  • Cooked elderberries are used in syrups, jams, teas, and other foods.
  • Raw or unripe elderberries and other parts of the plant can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
  • Elderberry is popularly used for colds and flu, but proven medical benefits are limited.
  • The plant is native to Europe and has become naturalized in parts of North America and elsewhere.
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Canadian context

Elderberry is relevant to Canadian readers as a naturalized plant in North America and a common ingredient in herbal products sold in Canada, especially for cold-season use.

Frequently asked questions

What is elderberry good for?
It is used in foods and herbal products, and is commonly taken for immune support and cold or flu symptoms. Some sources also mention antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, but medical evidence is limited.
Does elderberry help with colds?
Some studies and reviews suggest elderberry may reduce the duration or severity of cold and flu symptoms, but evidence is not definitive and it is not a proven cure.
How to make elderberry syrup?
Elderberry syrup is typically made by cooking dried or fresh elderberries with water, then straining the liquid and simmering it with sugar or honey. The berries should be cooked before use, because raw elderberries can be toxic.
Is elderberry safe to eat raw?
No. Raw or unripe elderberries can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and other parts of the plant are also toxic.
What are the side effects of elderberry?
Reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, and, with raw plant material or higher amounts, more serious poisoning. Allergic reactions are also possible.
Where does elderberry grow?
Elderberry plants are native to Europe and grow in temperate regions. They have also become naturalized in parts of North America and other regions.

References

  1. WebMD — https://www.webmd.com/diet/elderberry-health-benefits
    Supports: Traditional uses, possible cold/flu benefits, and toxicity of raw or unripe berries and other plant parts.
  2. Harvard Health Publishing — https://www.health.harvard.edu/preventive-care/what-are-the-health-benefits-of-elderberry
    Supports: Possible reduction in duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms and general safety notes.
  3. Healthline — https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/elderberry
    Supports: Reported benefits, limited evidence, and use for flu symptoms.
  4. Cleveland Clinic — https://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/elderberries
    Supports: Need to cook elderberries before consuming them and toxicity of raw berries.
  5. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center — https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/elderberry-01
    Supports: Uses, side effects, and distribution beyond Europe.
  6. University of Rochester Medical Center — https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content?contenttypeid=19&contentid=elderberry
    Supports: Composition, common claimed uses, and lack of proven medical uses.